The Financial Crisis Caused By The Foreclosure Crisis

Before the pre-2008 economic recession era, people were ignorant of what was bound to happen. Life was a party. Incomes were steadily rising: most people in every financial class had a credit card, a family to support, and an opportunity to do so by moving into the biggest house they could find. Mortgage loans were given out to anybody with a heartbeat and credit rating, this is called a subprime mortgage. If somebody wanted a new home they could get it, no matter if they could afford it or not. However, when interest rates started to rise people were not able to pay their mortgages and their homes were foreclosed upon. Homeowners who were not careful — or just plain unlucky — when choosing what mortgage was suitable for their income were either left homeless or stuck living paycheck to paycheck. The capitalism party was over. Everyone stopped buying what they once thought they could afford just so they could maintain proper housing, in turn a recession began. So was th e 2008 financial crisis caused by the homeowners? Homeowners in the United States — for the most part — are not gluttons for bigger and better homes they can not afford, it was a case of misinformation perpetrated by investment banks and mortgage lenders in the pursuit of more money. When higher interest rates began to kick in misinformed homeowners could not pay their steep mortgages anymore, resulting in multitudes of mortgage defaults. Mortgage defaults and the housing bubble did play a significant role inShow MoreRelatedProposed Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesToday’s America is in crisis; we are in a recession. The greatest factor driving this major recession is Foreclosure many Americans are forced to face every day. In simple terms, the foreclosure crisis was caused by greed in the banking industry and too much optimism of the American people. This resulted in a bubble of subprime mortgage lending, which eventually coll apsed once leading mortgage firms in the banking industry such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac needed to be bailed out by the governmentRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081389 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most devastating aspects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 to middle-class America was the crash of the housing market. Millions of Americans were affected and faced foreclosures on homes that were purchased with subprime mortgages. The impact of these mortgages varied state to state. Nevada, one of the countries leading tourist destinations, led the market in foreclosure rates and housing appraisal drops. The government s false sense of security in regards to the economy and theRead MoreThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction The 2008 financial crisis led to a sharp increase in mortgage foreclosures primarily subprime leading to a collapse in several mortgage lenders. Recurrent foreclosures and the harms of subprime mortgages were caused by loose lending practices, housing bubble, low interest rates and extreme risk taking (Zandi, 2008). Additionally, expert analysis on the 2008 financial crisis assert that the cause was also due to erroneous monetary policy moves and poor housing policies. The federal governmentRead MoreMarket Transparency and Consumer Choice for Housing Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2006, the number of foreclosures in the housing market has sparked dramatically. This is due to the fact that banks have given out subprime mortgages or interest-only loans to consumers regardless of their credit score. One of the main reasons why banks did not care about consumers’ credit history is because they resold the loans as mortgage-backed securities. This caused the loans to fall in to the hands of credit rating companies that rated the loans too positive; thus, these assets were expandedRead MoreThe Subprime Mortgage Crisis Of The United States Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagessubprime mortgage crisis that took place in the united states was the start of events that led to the (2008) financial crisis, marked by a hike in subprime mortgage defaults and foreclosures. I seek to discuss in my paper the U.S. causes that eventually led to the subprime mortgage crisis. Like, low interest rates and housing prices, and how this eventually led to a localized credit dilemma in other financial regions that finally made a difference in the actual economy or the financial system. In earlierRead MoreEssay on Foreclosure Crisis- The Result of Unserviceable Debt1588 Words   |  7 PagesPosing the problem of solving the foreclosure crisis first begs the question – â€Å"is there really a foreclosure crisis?† The country is certainly in crisis, but the crisis is not being caused by mortgage foreclosure. Foreclosure is simply a mechanism for people to deal with a debt they can no longer afford. Rather than being a crisis, the potential onslaught of home foreclosures (which has been slowed somewhat by the Obama administration’s â€Å"Making Home Affordable† program) is actually marketRead MoreThe Subprime Mortgage Crisis in the U.S Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe argument over who should be at fault for the subprime mortgage crisis and housing market collapse in the United States has been a heated debate. Even though home foreclosure keeps rising, there should be some accountability for the economic meltdown resulting from the subprime mortgage situation. Should we blame banking institutions, mortgage lenders, brokers, and investors for this crisis? Should minorities be blamed for recklessly accepting loans and defaulting on them after realizing theyRead MoreA Practical Solution to the Foreclosure Crisis1122 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no secret the foreclosure crisis has played a significant role in the financial meltdown of the past year. The collapse of the housing marketing has brought thousands of families across the country to financial ruin, forcing many out on the streets. Although the common consensus is that something must be done to stabilize the foreclosure crisis, the agreement ends there. Proposed solutions to the foreclosure crisis have drawn controversy from all political affiliations and walks of life. ThisRead MoreThe American Dream And The Mortgage Crisis Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesaction of the people is affected by the country’s economy. In other words, economy of a nation and character of the citizens are correlated. For instance, in the United States, the â€Å"American Dream† to own a home had a huge influence on the mortgage crisis in 2008. However, the economy at that time period had been inducing peopl e to buy new home. Likewise, in Greece, the growing trend of corruption and bribery among the people played a major role in shattering its economy. As a consequence of the dreadfulRead MoreEssay on The Subprime Mortgage Crisis1374 Words   |  6 Pagessubprime mortgage crisis The argument over who is at fault for the housing market collapse has been a heated issue amongst government, politicians, banking institutions, and mortgage lenders. The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing financial issue and real estate nightmare for the United States economy. A dramatic increase in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures has caused a significant adverse effect on banking institutions and financial markets. Due to this mortgage crisis, the housing market

Example Of Delivery Insurance - 1006 Words

Vehicle insurance for Delivery services Delivery services are one of the most complicated and delicate services. This service needs to be handled with a lot of care or you might incur high losses. There are many Takeaway Delivery service operators in Dublin. They all compete for customers and to stand out from the rest. Delivery services need to have efficient transportation system that ensures they deliver packages within a given time frame. Vehicles are prone to risks as they deliver packages to respective customers. These vehicles need to be fully functional or they risk losing clients. A person can ensure his/her cars are fully functional through regular maintenance and seeking motor insurance covers. Delivery in Dublin City There†¦show more content†¦There are some who find this process difficult to the point they hire insurance brokers to find better deals. Insurance brokers can be really expensive, especially if you have limited funds. It doesn’t matter if you are operating a takeaway Delivery Dublin 15 hour business or 24 hour. You can easily find a perfect cover. Here are some tips to help you find a perfect agency: Start off by writing down the risks that are likely to occur when your drivers are moving around making deliveries. Use this information to write down motor some policies worth checking out. Move around and look for insurance Companies that offer such policies. You should check them out in details. Always choose a policy that has favorable terms. You should discuss the payment terms. Look for another agency if the terms are not pocket friendly. Furthermore; we all have different financial capabilities, isn’t it? Getting affordable motor covers? Each and every takeaway delivery dealer desires covers with affordable rates, isn’t it? Here are some tips to help you find affordable covers not only in Dublin, but Ireland at large: The number of covers you take for your delivery trucks will determine the premium rate you get. Insurance Companies love clients who secure multiple motor policies with them. They reward such customers by giving them better rates compared to others. Not claiming claims for a long period might get your rates reduced, especially if you are getting a second cover with the sameShow MoreRelatedMister Italy Pizza And Deli Company Case Study1221 Words   |  5 Pages Mister Italy Pizza and Deli Company, is an established local restaurant who wanted to expand its business by venturing in pizza and deli delivery. There is a growing demand from customers who wanted their pizza delivered right at their door steps. In response to this growing demand, Mister Italy Pizza and Deli owner, Tony Blanco, needed a vehicle. The determining factor is to either purchase or lease a vehicle, that is economical, dependable, and low mileage. The company’s financial situation isRead MoreMister Italy Pizza And Deli Case Study1188 Words   |  5 Pages2. INTRODUCTION Mister Italy Pizza and Deli Company, is an established local restaurant who wanted to expand its business by venturing in pizza and deli delivery. There is a growing demand from customers who wanted their pizza delivered right at their door steps. In response to this growing demand, Mister Italy Pizza and Deli owner, Tony Blanco, needed a vehicle. The determining factor is to either purchase or lease a vehicle, that is economical, dependable, and low mileage. The company’s financialRead MoreAnswerkey Exporting and the Export Contract1696 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 DELIVERY 1. What are 5 steps in negotiating delivery? Timing - Location - Transport - Risk, Title and Insurance - Terms of trade 2. Why is location important? Because it’s where the risk and responsibilities are passed. And date of payment depends on place of delivery. 3. Why is transportation important? Because suitable mode of transport will reduce the cost; moreover the transport which is appropriate to the goods ensures the goods to arrive safely. 4.Read MoreThe U.s. Health Care System886 Words   |  4 Pagesand interdependent components. During the process of birthing a Health Care Delivery System, the ultimate goal is to provide a cost effective universal access to all in need. When it comes to the U.S. Health Care Delivery System, compare to other developed countries that are under National Health Insurance programs; the U.S. although aiming for the same result took a completely different approach. A National Health Insurance programs’ country defines the true meaning of â€Å"Universal Access† to heal care;Read MoreBasic Components Of The Us Healthcare Delivery System Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare delivery system main objectives. The main objective of a healthcare delivery system is to ensure that anyone who needs healthcare receives the best care, at a price they can afford (Barton, 2010, p. 8). The functional components of the US healthcare delivery system. The U.S healthcare system is large and varied. However, the basic functional components include running the system, the different branches of the system, how services are rendered, how the services are funded, and manufacturingRead MoreCost Sharing For The Health Care Delivery System924 Words   |  4 Pagescan be applied to assist in the health care delivery system. Also, looking at health care models from other countries could serve as an example for America to follow. One of these models is using a universal health care delivery with cost sharing based out of the government and being a publicly funded system. Cost sharing occurs when the individual occurs some of the risk of the insurance cost (Shi, 2013). Cost sharing is a large part of insurance coverage. It is involved in every type of coverageRead MoreAssess The Value Of Healthcare Professionals And Decision1660 Words   |  7 Pagesdimensions, this element has not been a major focus of health economist’s work. Defend or critique the importance of considering the complex nature of health and healthcare when examining the economic principles related to healthcare delivery. The U.S. health care delivery system is poorly prepared to meet the growing health care needs of its population. Current limitations result in unexplained practice variations, gaps between evidence and practice, inequitable patterns of utilization, unsustainableRead MoreThe Health Care System In The United States Is Composed1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe health care system in the United States is composed of four basic components, financing, insurance, delivery, and payments, also known as the quad function model. This heath care systems differ between a private and government-run system and between a traditional health insurance and managed care based system. A good example of a purely government-run system in our country is the Veterans Administration (VA), health care systems, Medicare, Medicaid, and the Federal Employee Health Benefits (FEHB)Read MoreStakeholders Are A Big Part Of A Healthcare Organization1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Healthcare Delivery System that plays a part in the performance and the health of the organization. Five of the major stakeholders consist of government, providers (which includes doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers), patients, insurance companies, and pharmaceutical companies. Based off of the healthcare delivery system where it stands now, there are some recommendations that the stakeholder can do to have a positive effect on the healthcare delivery system. HealthcareRead Morehealth insurance matrix HCS/235 Essay637 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Health Insurance Matrix As you learn about health care delivery in the United States, it is important to understand the various models of health insurance to develop a working knowledge as you progress through the course. The following matrix is designed to help you develop that knowledge and assist you in understanding how health care is financed and how health insurance influences patients and providers as important foundational information for your role as

The Island of Bohol Heaven on Earth Free Essays

Bohol is an island in the tropical country of the Philippines which is located in Southeast Asia. A couple of years back, I traveled to Bohol to get acquainted with Asia. The moment I stepped out of the airport, I smelled something different. We will write a custom essay sample on The Island of Bohol: Heaven on Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now The scent of tropical paradise overpowered my senses. It’s a mix of flavors of coconut trees, sweet fruits and the usual body-scented steam that just makes you want to relax and unwind. More so, the sizzling ray of the sun, the hypnotic sound of the sea and warm smile of the natives of Bohol greeted me as I entered nature’s hidden treasure. My adventure began as I traversed the oval-shaped island from the luscious mountainous region going towards the pristine coastal area. I started with the infamous Chocolate hills. It’s a large formation of rich brown-colored cone-shaped hills. These cute hills looked like gigantic Hershey’s kisses strategically placed in a picturesque landscape. After my first immersion with Bohol’s local beauty, I said to myself that there’s no way that there could be another place that can beat the exquisiteness of Chocolate hills. This was a fact until I saw the long white sandy beaches of Panglao island. It literally took my breath away. It was simply idyllic. Endless columns of coconut trees outlined the beach front. The white sand is so friendly to the naked foot because of it is fine as a salt and soft as milk texture that made me want to cover my whole body with it. The natural charm of the place did not stopt here,it went beyond to the extensive crystal blue water of the sea. The undulating movements of the waves took me to a place that highlighted my contentment and happiness. How to cite The Island of Bohol: Heaven on Earth, Papers

Character Duality In A Tale Of Two Cities Essay Example For Students

Character Duality In A Tale Of Two Cities Essay Two CitiesJarvis Lorry, an employee of Tellson’s Bank, was sent to find Dr. Manette, an unjustlyimprisoned physician, in Paris and bring him back to England. Lucie, Manette’s daughterwho thought that he was dead, accompanied Mr. Lorry. Upon arriving at Defarge’s wineshop in Paris, they found Mr. Manette in a dreadful state and took him back to Londonwith them. Mr. Manette could not rember why he had been imprisoned, or when he was imprisoned. He was in a state of Post Tramatic Stress Dis-order. All the years of imporisonment led to his insanity, his life was in danger almost every second of his imprisoned life. In 1780, five years later, Lucie, Mr. Lorry and Dr. Manette were called totestify against Charles Darnay, a tutor who made constant trips between France andEngland and was thus accused of treason. During these times both governments were very paranoid about anybody who had the aperence of commiting treason. Darney, since he travled back and forth between c ountries was a perfect suspect for treason. The French Government had just been overthrown by the beggars, and middle class and now run by them, the British on the other hand was still a monarchy and had awful factories and many slums, like France did.Darnay was acquitted when a lawyer, Carton,looked much like him and an eye witness faltered to positively distinguish between them. Carton loved Lucie but he was a drunk. Knowing that their relationship was hopeless,he stated that he would sacrifice himself for her or anyone she loved in an emotionalconversation. Darnay ended up marrying Lucie. Darnay’s uncle, the Marquiuis St. Evremonde, was assassinated by the father of a child he ran over and Darnay inheritedhis Chateau. Darnay would not take it because he did not want to exploit the Frenchpeople as his uncle did. In 1792, while the French Revolution was in full swing, Darnaydecided to go to France to save a family servant, Gabelle. Upon his arrival, he wasimmediately jailed. Lucie and Dr. Manette soon showed up in Paris at the doorstep ofTellson’s French office, where Lorry already was present. Dr. Manette managed to getDarnay released after a year, yet he was re-jailed the same day by Madame Defarge becausehis family, the Evremondes, had previously killed off her family. Darnay was tried thenext day and sentenced to death. Manette went back into his demented state with hopelessness. Carton arrived in Paris and heard a plot by Defarge to also kill Lucie and Dr. Manette. Quickly, he made his way into the prison with the help of spies and, with his closeresemblance, switched places with Darnay. Carton had arranged for the escape of Lucie,Darnay, and Dr. Manette. Madame Defarge had been killed by Miss Pross, a sort of stereotypenanny to Lucie, and escaped with Lucie. Carton sacrificed his life for Lucie, her father,and Darnay at the guillotine and thus died in triumph. Dickens attempted to show his readers the power and dangers of a revolution. Hehad a clear underlying theme that oppression and exploitation by an aristocracy will causea revolt by those being exploited, a fact that made the French Revolution inevitable. Throughout this book, it was visible that Dickens drew a connection between oppression andanarchy. Yet the power of love and sacrifice were, in the end, linked with a resurrectionof society. Dickens purpose in writing this work was clearly and thoroughly carried out. Theharsh treatment of the aristocracy towards the poor was constantly shown. In one case, theMarquis St. Evremonde ran over a peasant child and merely through a few coins at the fatherto compensate for this loss. The anarchy of the revolution was shown by the numerous mobsthat roamed the streets of Paris. Many nobles had left France and there was no powerfulgovernment. Thus a direct connection was drawn between the oppression by the aristocracyand the outbreak of revolution turning quickly into anarchy. .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .postImageUrl , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:hover , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:visited , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:active { border:0!important; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:active , .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304 .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00f5ffe6a9fbb4ea632730fbd5315304:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Belize (1246 words) EssayDickens was biased with a sympathy for the victimized, especially for children. The idea that the victimized, when extorted for long enough, would revolt was a centralidea behind this novel. The unjust imprisonment of Dr. Manette tore him apart. He couldnever truly escape from his prison experience and in moments of great stress reverted to theinsanity which Mr. Lorry and Lucie had found upon

Psychology of Hate free essay sample

The Social Psychology of Hate behind the Holocaust Hate is everywhere. It always has been, from the beginning of time. When the cavemen started forming intense dislikes for one another over the last coconut to present day, when suicide bombers take their own and the lives of innocent people to express their hate. And somewhere in between those two occurrences, are hundreds and thousands of additional incidents that sprung from hate toward a concept, system or person. Prejudice, racism segregation, war, murder, genocide; they all develop from a person’s mind: their thoughts and feelings. One of the most commonly known acts of hate is genocide, the Holocaust, to be specific. The Holocaust was an attempt to wipe out the entire population of people that were thought of as subhuman, mainly the Jews. It is important to understand the social psychology of hate during the Holocaust in order to explain why it had occurred initially. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Hate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is hate? This question can be answered in two different perspectives: religious and scientific. Scientifically, there is no way to measure hate, since it is a human emotion. Religious beliefs are never ending in variety, there is always someone to disagree or clarify. A difference in opinion is a key cause of hate. Hate is a total rejection of or disgust of a certain thing. If someone hates evil, they’ll go against it. If that thing truly is bad, then hate could actually be acceptable, and might really be for the better. But when hate is used against a thing that is good or causing no harm, it’s a problem. The concern is toward the people or groups whose hate is misdirected, not â€Å"hate† itself. Where does hate come from? There is hate that is expressed through groups committing hate crimes because they all believe in the same thing vs. hate that is expressed because that individual/group is trying to prove something to the people around them. Everyone has their own opinions

Abolition essays

Abolition essays Abolition was the legal end of slavery. In 1820s most of our society supported that Africans be shifted back to Africa how they wished too. But about 1,400 African Americans considered American their home, but all of those people were free. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison started his own newspaper called The Liberator in which he wrote about setting slaves free, without any payments to slaveholders. At First Garrison did not have much support but later on when his newspaper got more recognized he got more support. Unfortunally Garrison was hang on a rope by white people who opposed him. In 1829 a free black encouraged all African Americans to fight for freedom instead then wait for the government to change the laws. Not that many people really paid attention to him, but most still formed scores of antislavery. Frederick Douglass was an African American who knew how to read and write because of his owner, and he realized he could use that to be free. Frederick was inspired by Garri son and he became an enthusiastic reader of his newspaper, finally in 1847 he established his own newspaper called The North Star, which guided slaves to freedom. From the 1800 to the 1900 the slavery has changed a lot and it also almost equal on male and females. By 1830 most blacks spoke enough English to communicate unlike many years before and most of them were born in America. In the 1800s slaves lived in my opinion bad conditions they shared little small, overcrowded slave quarters, they didnt have much furniture only wooden chairs and tables. They worked on hefty plantations from early in the morning till late at night. There were some slaves that worked at the owners houses as maids or cooks. Which never had any time for them selves they were on call 24-7. By 1830s there was shortage of slaves on ships and in mills. Numerous numbers of women and children worked the identical jobs ...

Journal 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal 3 and 4 - Essay Example It was a new finding for me to know that women in Ethiopia are living in patriarchal society, where men are the dominant, as they create all laws and policies in politics and economy. Here, women do not have any role in the society. Instead, most receive the treatment similar to that of women slaves in the past. It was shocking to know that Ethiopian women work more than men do, yet they are paid less. The low income of the Ethiopian women has forced them to get involved in other jobs that include low human standards, such as prostitution, in order to get money to provide the basic needs for themselves and their children. Their suffering does not end by them selling their bodies to men; most Ethiopian women are infected with HIV. These findings make me question the effectiveness of the Ethiopian government. It is disturbing that this government has failed to embrace effective strategies to protect women. Another new concept that I learned from the reading was that there are different kinds of violence women suffer during conflicts. Apart from physical attacks, women suffer violence within the contexts of politics, inequality, rape, family, and peacemakers. Suffering from relatives was a new idea that I did not think of. Some women deliver their own member of family to justice if they are involved in corruption. This idea can be connected to our first reading in our first class, where the report explained the way women would define security, compared to men. To women security is the safety of her children and family and being able to provide all the basic needs for survival, while for men security is all about weapons and guns. Thus, it is painful for a woman to surrender one of her relatives, who is supposed to be under her protection and a part of her responsibility. However, if this member was not surrendered then he can affect her safety and safety of her other family members. Th erefore, women

Human activity increases pollution of the atmosphere Essay

Human activity increases pollution of the atmosphere - Essay Example (Schneider, 103) The protocol is familiar with the fact that most of the scientists are working upon that global warming is a serious threat to the world, against which serious actions must be taken in order to maintain it when we can. Although some critics might be against the statement that there is a contribution from human activity which increases the greenhouse gases which pollute the atmosphere. Some scientists have also researched that if there is an increase of even two degrees Fahrenheit in the greengases and global warming, we are likely to experience more of severly damagable storms, earthquakes, floods, in consequence to which more diseases would arrise. Such consequences would not only damage people, the community or the society, instead it would be harmful to the entire business era and the economic system. The Kyoto Protocol warned the business leaders that the new laws that will formulate are going to not only reduce the greenhouse gases which are produced but infact, may also disturb the flow of many business around the world due to which many producers might have to change the way the produce and manufacture products. In addition, business may have to suffer from a shift in the demand curve due to energy-efficient products whose main aim would be to reduce extra pollution while at the same time providing services to the society. We could say that these are few of the reaons why many business leaders are facing issues with the Kyoto Protocol for reducing the greenhouse gases. When these sort of problems arise, many manufacturers are now thinking of where to begin in order for them to not make any losses in the future due to shifts in the demand and supply curvs. Bad Weather Ahead It is noticed that even though most of the weird weather conditions are often caught by the public eye, severe changes are yet to be introduced which may cause choas within the society.Therefore, companis who are directly affected by the climate change or companies whose demand and supply vary according to the climate, for example clothing companies, should think of the severe consequences which they may face in the near future as the climate change has started to emerge. Public Relations Campaign Environmental initiatives threatened core components of right-wing ideology such as the primacy of individual liberty, the absolute rights of private property, free enterprise and laissez-faire government. (Schneider, 103) Right-wing think-tanks and media outlets thus began a relentless public relations campaign that attacked environmentalism as alarmist or worse. In conjunction with right-wing politics, the fossil fuel industry, wishing to avoid regulation, taxation and negative publicity, used proindustry research and catchy advertisements to persuade the public that climate change was simply not a concern. Though President Bush kept his campaign promise of hosting a conference on global warming, he reversed the strong rhetoric and activist stance that characterized his presidential campaign.Instead the President claimed that scientific uncertainty clouded the issue. He favored more research, the unchanging mantra-along with denial-of most right-wing politicians in the United States. (Schneider, 103) Both public awareness and climate policy in the

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Essay

Violance and the World by Robert Cover and Reflections on the Guillotine by Albert Cumus - Essay Example According to Cover (p. 1601), for instance, when a judge interprets the law and hands out a sentence, as legally appropriate to the crime as it may be, the sheer act of imposition of violence on another person is in itself an act of death and pain. This is quite similar to the actions committed during the course of the crime. This means that the interpretation of legal statutes occurs under conditions of death and pain. For instance, as a result of the imposition of a term of sentence, a convict losses his freedom, property, or life in extreme cases, while his family losses a father, brother, son or husband. Cumus is especially expressive about the aspect of sentencing convicts to the death penalty. According to the Cumus (p. 23), murder carried out by the state or under state supervision is tantamount to premeditated murder carried out by criminals on innocent persons. Cover speaks on this topic, citing that the interpretations of law allow for justification of violence and murder o f persons found guilty of crimes, which, as Cumus put it, is equal to premeditated murder. While Cover explains that he is not sympathetic towards criminals and convicts for the crimes they committed, he asserts that the interpretation in the law itself creates victims who are innocent of the crime for which they are suffering (Cover, p. 1602). The victims in most instances are family members who were oblivious of the occurrence of the crime. The organized social practices of interpretations in law tear families up and perpetrate the same violence for which they are meant to punish. The irony of this situation is compounded by the statistics, proving that capital punishment does not necessarily reduce the occurrence of crime. According to Cumus, a more logical approach for remedying criminal behavior is through reforms and rehabilitation, rather than violence, pain, and death. Because the nature of law is to uphold the humane conduct of all persons in society, it is ironic that law also contravenes the same humane essence it preaches. Cumus tells of instances when the guillotine is not instant, hence prolonging the suffering of both its victim and that of family members and other witnesses. The sheer brutality of the guillotine is also implicit of the law’s violent nature (Cumus, p. 19) Both writers argue for the discontinuation of capital punishment. Cumus is primarily concerned about the guillotine, which he asserts is neither humane nor instant, as it is purported to be. Cover, on the other hand, speaks of the need to adopt more effective systems of reforms, rather than the conventional violence-riddled sentencing and confinement of convicts in solitary places (Cover, p. 1606). Legal interpretation, according to Cover, should adopt a culture that is similar to a number of communities, which use shame and contrition as a means of punishing offenders. In such instances, the offenders’ shame for their actions is stronger than any degree of violen ce meted on them in terms of behavioral correction. Cumus argues that the guillotine’s effectiveness has been eroded with time. In earlier times when the guillotine was used in public, it was relatively effective in deterring crime. However, because it is currently used privately in prisons, its effectiveness is muffled. This means that there is, in fact, no need to use the guillotine any more in the current day and age. Nonetheless, Cumus is somewhat supportive of the conduct of executions

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban missile crisis began on 14 October, 1962 when an American U-2 spy plane discovered that Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union was attempting to install intermediate-range nuclear-outfitted ballistic missiles in Cuba.  [1]  These warheads would have the capacity to destroy a large portion of the United States and therefore posed an enormous threat. When confronted by this immense threat that could presage nuclear war, the American government was forced to take action in order to diffuse the situation. The complexities of this type of decision-making are intricate, yet explainable and fundamentally predictable thanks to modern methods of analysis. As John F. Kennedy phrased it, The essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the observer-often, indeed, to the decider himselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There will always be the dark and tangled stretches in the decision-making process-mysterious even to those who may be most intimately involved.  [2]  I would like to unravel the dark and tangled stretches in this process by using game theory to retrodict, or make past predictions of, the different leaders choices throughout the thirteen day span of the Cuban missile crisis. Game Theory Basics When examined through the perspective of the Rational Actor Model, this situation introduces an obvious dilemma. Within this model, governments are treated as the primary actors. The government examines a set of goals, evaluates them according to their utility, then selects the one that has the highest payoff. In this instance, the United States was involved in a nuclear standoff with the Soviet Union. In the time of this imminent threat of mutually assured destruction, the correct action needed to be taken as millions of lives were at stake. Game theory is a branch of analytical mathematics utilized in social science to attempt to mathematically calculate decision-making in strategic situations in which an individuals success in making choices is dependent upon the choices of others.  [3]  It applies to situations (games) where there are two or more parties (called players) each attempting to choose between two or more ways of acting (called strategies). The possible outcomes of a particular game depend on the choices made by all players, and they can be ranked in order of preference by each player. In regards to two-person, two-strategy games, as the Cuban missile crisis resembled, there are combinations of strategies for the players that are more or less stable. This occurs when neither player by departing from its strategy can do any better in the outcome. When both players use these strategies simultaneously, the outcome is known as a Nash equilibrium, named after esteemed game theorist John Nash. A Nash equilibrium does not necessarily produce optimum outcomes for one or both players though. Instead, it can be viewed more as an optimal middle ground in which both players are spared from suffering the worst possible outcome. A Nash equilibrium is essentially what was reached during the Cuban missile crisis. Chicken Game Model In game theory, Chicken is the typical game used to model conflicts in which the players are on a deadly collision course. The game borrowed its namesake from hot rod movies made famous in the 1950s.  [4]  In these movies, the players are two hot rodders and the game is one in which they drive their cars directly at one another, risking a head on collision. If one of them turns away at the last minute, he or she is said to have chickened out and is deemed the loser. However, if neither player decides to turn away, both are vulnerable to losing much more, since it is obvious that they will either be killed or seriously injured in the event of a wreck. In the last possibility of outcomes, if both players decide to turn away, neither gains nor loses anything. The payoffs of Chicken can be explained by this basic diagram: Basic Chicken John go straight turn away Mark go straight -10, -10 5, -5 turn away -5, 5 0, 0 *Matrix format  [5]   This matrix shows that this theoretical game has two Nash equilibria, (5,-5) and (-5,5), one where one hot rodder turns away and the other goes straight and vice versa. However, since there are two Nash equilibria and no predefined Schelling point, which is a solution that a player will tend to use in the absence of communication or substantial knowledge because it seems instinctive, or relevant to them,  [6]  there is no indication of which outcome is more likely. This poses a problem for the hot rodders as well as an equivocation for the game theorist since there is the ever present danger of both players falling into the mutual disaster of a collision. When aligned to the Cuban missile crisis, this mutual disaster is the mutually assured destruction of nuclear war. Application of the Chicken Game Model Thus unfolds a classic game of chicken with the United States behind one wheel, facing off with the Soviet Union behind the other. Before evaluating the end results of the game, however, it is important to first examine the formulation of strategies. Abiding by the theory of moves, it is of the highest importance to anticipate, whilst concurrently trying to condition, the outcomes and consequences of any major decision or choice of action. Therefore, when deciding on a strategy to employ, each alternative must be weighed and projected completely through its causal fallout. This was the most critical aspect of the game for the Kennedy administration. As Defense Secretary McNamara explained about the situation, Its not a military problem that were facing. Its a political problem. Its a problem of holding the Alliance together. Its a problem of properly conditioning Khrushchev for our future moves.  [7]  It cannot be said whether he was directly referencing game theory with this sta tement, but the implications are fitting in the application of such concepts. Many members of the administration and military leaders felt as though their hands were up in the air, or tied behind their backs, because no one was confident enough to make a final decision under these tense and potentially tragic conditions. The wrong decision could have led to the end of the United States of America. Even so, the urgency of the situation made it necessary for the right decision to be made immediately. Ultimately, every minute wasted was a minute longer the Soviets had to make the ballistic missiles operable in Cuba, therefore time and decision were of the essence. Group Decision-making and EXCOMM Group decision is a trustworthy way to make choices because of the benefits the approach produces, as long as social phenomena such as groupthink are avoided. The cooperative planning done by the Executive Committee including Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, John McNamara, Director of Central Intelligence John McCone and the other cabinet members ensured multilateral examination of the situation, fuller consideration of the entire spectrum of relevant points of interest, more ingenuity in the formulation of options and a greater overall sense of awareness and knowledge about the issue. This interplay of a multitude of expertise made an optimum decision likely. Furthermore, group interaction was the most logical approach when considering the negative effects preempted by a solo decision of President Kennedy. Miles Law states that where you stand depends on where you sit.  [8]  Specifically in this case, ones stance on an issue is significantly affected by their role in the government and where they fall into the operational chain of command. A cooperative decision minimized the role interference that could bias the plan of action. Possible Courses of Action After days of deliberation, Kennedy and his advisers came up with six possible options. These options were as follows: 1) Do nothing. Although an option, this course of inaction was not even considered as President Kennedy was sure the domestic fallout would be that of intolerance. 2) Impose diplomatic pressures and negotiate with Khrushchev at a summit. This option was also not popular because it implied that American concessions would be made and President Kennedy was unwilling to show this flexibility out of fear that it would be conveyed as vulnerability. 3) Make a secret appeal to Castro and split Cuba from its ties with the Soviet Union. 4) Send troops to Cuba for a ground invasion. 5) Deploy an air strike on the island in order to destroy the missiles and scare the Soviets of Cuba falling to US control. 6) Implement a blockade of Cuba to keep weapons away. However, whichever method picked had to be carried out without sparking a Soviet reprisal on Berlin.  [9]   After further deliberations, these options were narrowed down to two possible courses of action. Either a naval blockade to prevent the shipment of more missiles or a surgical air strike to destroy existing missiles would be implemented. In response, the Soviets could ultimately only choose between two strategies; either withdraw or maintain the missiles in Cuba. Specifically though, the blockade forced Khrushchev to choose among three immediate alternatives: 1) avoid a showdown by keeping Soviet vessels out of the area 2) submit to the blockade by permitting ships to be stopped and searched and 3) provoke the United States to a first use of force by defying the blockade. The game outcomes look more like this diagram: Applied Chicken Soviet Union withdraw (W) maintain (M) United States blockade (B) 3, 3 2, 4 air strike (A) 4, 2 1, 1 Together these strategies comprise the array of options the players have to choose from. When paired, they result in four possible outcomes, which the players are assumed to rank from one to four, with one being the worst, or least beneficial, and four being the best or most profitable outcome. The first number in the ordered pairs for each outcome is the payoff to the row player (United States), and the second number the payoff to the column player (Soviet Union). It is important to remember though that these rankings of the payoffs are only ordinal, meaning they only rank from best to worst, not incorporating the extent or degree to which a player prefers one outcome to another. Analysis of Applied Chicken Game Model Needless to say, this matrix of strategic choices and payoffs only provides an elementary depiction of the crisis as it unfolded over the thirteen day period. It must be acknowledged that both players considered more than merely the options listed, as well as modifications and augmentations of each. For example, the Soviets demanded the withdrawal of American missiles from Turkey as a quid pro quo  [10]  for withdrawal of their own missiles from Cuba.  [11]  The United States blatantly ignored this request. Even so, it is common belief that the superpowers were indeed on a collision course during the Cuban missile crisis and therefore the Chicken model is appropriate. Alternatively, neither side was forthcoming in undertaking any irreversible action, such as one of the drivers might do in Chicken by allowing the other driver to see him boldly breaking off the steering wheel of his car and coincidentally eliminating the option of maneuvering to avoid collision. It is here that the Chicken game leaves voids in application to the crisis. It can be said that the United States ultimately won by forcing the U.S.S.R. to withdraw their missiles. Per contra, Premier Khrushchev was granted a promise that the U.S. would not invade Cuba. This dual-reward represents a result that is basically a compromise- which does not coincide with game theorys prediction for a game of Chicken. The strategies the compromise consists of do not form any Nash equilibriums. To analyze this, assume that gameplay is at the compromise (3,3) position where the U.S. blockades Cuba and the Soviet Union withdraws its missiles. This outcome is not stable because both players have incentives to deviate to more aggressive strategies. If the U.S.S.R. was to defect by maintaining their missiles, gameplay would shift to (2,4) granting the Soviets a payoff of four. The same, but reverse, would happen if the U.S. decided to change their strategy to an air strike. This symmetry in the table of payoffs presents a recurring problem in interpreting results of a Chicken game- there is more than one equilibrium outcome.  [12]  Furthermore, if the players arrive at the mutually worst (1,1) outcome of nuclear war, both would have undoubtful incentive to move away from it, which makes the strategies associated with (1,1) just like those with (3,3); unstable. Shortfalls of the Chicken Game Model As shown, using Chicken to try to wholly model the Cuban missile crisis is flawed not only because of the instability of the outcomes but also because of the parameters. As it happened, the two superpowers did not select their strategies independently of each other, nor simultaneously as assumed in the Chicken game. The Soviet Union chose their actions in response to the already implemented U.S. quarantine. Additionally, the fact that the United States held the air strike option in reserve in case circumstances necessitated escalation of action shows that the first decision was not considered final, and the U.S. felt they still had strategic options open even after imposing the blockade. Consequently, the Cuban missile crisis can be more appropriately modeled as a game of sequential bargaining where neither player makes a terminal decision, but rather considers different alternatives, and reserves the absolutes in case the opponent should fail to act acceptably. Before the crisis, the Soviets felt they needed to advance their global strategic position, even though they feared that the U.S. might invade Cuba. Khrushchev decided that positioning the missiles was worth that risk. He and his staff rationalized that the Americans if confronted with this fait accompli, or an action that is completed before those affected by it are in a position to query or reverse it, would be deterred from invading Cuba and would not any other severe reprisals.  [13]  Even if they instigated a crisis, they did not see the probability of war being high and therefore they risked antagonizing the United States. Recourse Game Model and Application Accordingly, there is convincing evidence to believe that American policy makers did not see the conflict Chicken-like based on how they considered and ranked possible outcomes. The over-simplicity of using this model was alluded to by historian Philip Zelikow in his analysis of the audio tapes of dialogue within the EXCOMM meetings.  [14]  In order to more thoroughly explain the crisis, I will further apply game theory to the situation by creating a new, modified version of the Chicken game that I will call Recourse. This representation maintains the same strategies given in Chicken, but redistributes the rankings and interpretations of outcomes. These new classifications align more thouroughly with history than those of Chicken: Applied Recourse Soviet Union withdraw (W) maintain (M) United States blockade (B) 3, 3 1, 4 air strike (A) 2, 2 4, 1 In the game of Recourse, the possible outcomes are as follows: B/W: The choice of blockade by the United States and withdrawal by the Soviet Union remains the compromise for both players = (3,3). B/M: In the face of a U.S. blockade, Soviet maintenance of their missiles leads to a Soviet victory (its best outcome) and U.S. capitulation (its worst outcome) = (1,4). A/M: An air strike that destroys the missiles that the Soviets were maintaining is an honorable U.S. action (its best outcome) and thwarts the Soviets (their worst outcome) = (4,1). A/W: An air strike that destroys the missiles that the Soviets were withdrawing is a dishonorable U.S. action (its next-worst outcome) and thwarts the Soviets (their next-worst outcome) = (2,2). Although air strike trumps the Soviet Union at both outcomes (4,1) and (2,2), I view the (2,2) outcome as less harmful to the Soviets. This is because international opinion at the time would condemn an American air strike as an obtrusively offensive move and furthermore a dishonorable action of the United States, especially if there was clear evidence that the U.S.S.R. was in the process of withdrawing their missiles already. If no such evidence existed, however, air strike, possibly supplemented with a ground invasion, would be acceptable action to counter the Soviet missiles. Accuracy of the Recourse Game Model The statements of U.S. policy makers support Recourse. In responding to a letter from Khrushchev, President Kennedy said, If you would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba . . . we, on our part, would agree . . . (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against an invasion of Cuba,  [15]  which is consistent with Recourse since (3,3) is preferred to (2,2) by the United States, whereas (4,2) is not preferred to (3,3) in Chicken. If the Soviets maintained their missiles, the United States preferred an air strike to the blockade. As Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General under his brother during the crisis, said, If they did not remove those bases, we would remove them,  [16]  which is consistent with Recourse, since the United States prefers (4,1) to (1,4) but not (1,1) to (2,4) in Chicken. Similarly, it is well known that several of President Kennedys advisers were reluctant to initiate an attack against Cuba without first exhausting less belligerent courses of action that could bring about the removal of the missiles with less risk and greater sensitivity to American ideals and values.  [17]  This is in accordance with the United States tendency to always act ethically and the governments perpetual sensitivity to the worlds perception of America. Pointedly, Robert Kennedy claimed that an immediate attack would be looked upon as a Pearl Harbor in reverse, and it would blacken the name of the United States in the pages of history,  [18]  which is again consistent with Recourse since the United States ranks A/W next worst (2), a dishonorable U.S. action, rather than best (4), a U.S. victory, in Chicken. Actual Gameplay As it happened, at 7:00pm on 22 October, 1962, President Kennedy publicly announced that the United States had discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba and decreed a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba. Additionally, he demanded that Chairman Khrushchev halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace.  [19]  After the ships were deployed, all that was left to do was to await a response. Initially, on 24 October, as anticipated, Khrushchev responded defiantly, saying that he would instruct his ships to ignore the American blockade. However, the next morning, he reconciled and told Kennedy that he no longer wanted to exchange caustic remarks and was ready to resolve the crisis. Khrushchev offered his terms, Give us a pledge not to invade Cuba, and we will remove the missiles, proving that he was genuine when he professed that he was prepared to dismantle the missiles to make Cuba into a zone of peace.  [20]  The Soviet Union feared an American invasion of Cuba and saw the blockade as a heartening gesture that allowed concessions to be made without drastic loss. Essentially, the outcome of this game and the Cuban missile crisis in general can be assessed at 4:2 in favor of the United States. Although neither side literally gained any reward from the outcome, both avoided any significant loss. Since the United States made the initial offer and compelled the Soviet Union to make the next move, therefore inconveniencing Khrushchev into yielding to the conditions set forth by President Kennedy, America emerges as the winner of the game although the payoff was not maximized. Although Recourse creates a fitting model, this explanation of events is neither all-inclusive nor infallible. As with any theory, there are conditions that are assumed to, and must be, static that the reasoning is based upon. And in a dynamic world, these criteria are not always satisfied. There are a multitude of external factors that influence decision making, many of which will be discussed in the following sections as they pertain to the Cuban Missile Crisis and nuclear war in general. Specified Game Theory: Deterrence Theory Game theory can be applied in a more general sense to other primary aspects of nuclear war, the most prominent of them being mutually assured destruction and deterrence. The application of game theory to these concepts has resulted in the derivation of a number of consequential theories which ultimately resolve in the cost-benefit analysis that game theory focuses on. According to the official U.S. Department of Defense definition, Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counter action.  [21]  This definition captures the main premise for the United States historic reliance on deterrence; however, it does not encompass the entirety of deterrence theory. In general, deterrence is a complex term that universally means persuading an opponent that the costs and consequences of a specific action will outweigh and trump any potential benefits. The concept of persuading an adversary references the significant psychological aspect of deterrence, which is often an interplay of uncertain concessions and threats that may or may not be bluffs or true promises. More specifically, using the word potential when describing the anticipated benefits shows the future-oriented aspect of any deterrent threat, meaning there is the promise of a certain reaction only in response to the undesired decision of another actor (player).  [22]   Capability vs. Credibility According to accredited deterrence theorist Derek Smith, Underlying any deterrent threat are the closely intertwined concepts of capability and credibility.  [23]  The concept of capability is reasonably straightforward and readily quantifiable variable, based on each players arsenal and military forces that are available for use in any engagement; whereas, credibility is a much more complex and qualitative variable, which is defined mostly from the anticipated probability that all available forces will actually be utilized, making it trivial. To clarify, for example, a state may have a promising amassment of armed forces, but if the state is governed by domestic doctrine that forbids their use except for in strict cases of homeland defense, then any strategy or threat of external use of force as deterrence will lack credibility. The Psychology of Commitment Techniques In order to strengthen the perception of an actors resolve, a popular strategy is to use commitment techniques,  [24]  or techniques that increase the costs and losses involved in refusing or failing to act. An everyday example of this type of strategy is if someone tells all of their friends that they are quitting smoking for good. From thence on, their friends will act as a constant source of pressure for them to uphold the obligation (commitment) because they voiced it publicly, and will now be held accountable to it. For a better example, Smith illustrates the military image of burning bridges while in combat to make a retreat impossible, which is an unambiguous method for cementing ones resolve.  [25]   Similarly, in the words of Thomas Schelling, What we have to do is get ourselves into a position where we cannot fail to react as we said we would-where we just cannot help it-or where we would be obliged by some overwhelming cost of not reacting in the manner we had declared.  [26]  In order to illustrate this concept, Shelling makes reference to how, during the Cold War, the United States posted troops in Western Europe to act as a tripwire against Soviet aggression. This was an act that served to fortify resolve, and essentially the United States made the defense of Europe, and their overarching containment strategy a more absolute prospect by effectively eliminating the choice of retreat and abandonment.  [27]   The Paradox of Control and MAD The idea that a player denying himself options can be a productive or beneficial move appears counterintuitive at first. Schelling describes this phenomenon as a paradox that the power to constrain an adversary may depend on the power to bind oneself.  [28]  Reexamining a fundamental game of Chicken is a fitting way of clarifying what is meant by that. If the two drivers are about to start speeding towards each other, it would make an extreme statement if one of the drivers decided to break off his steering wheel and show the other driver. After this, the other driver would have no choice but to give up and turn his car or suffer the tragic collision. Making a bold statement like this can be a very effective way of determining resolve in situations where capability is lacking, however, the important thing to note is that it is always possible that both drivers could choose to make the same decision, which would create an even worse outcome than if the power position had been conceded at the end. The critical factor, then, is actually who is able to make the first move, thereby leaving the remaining with only one last clear chance to avoid catastrophe.  [29]  This catastrophe, in parallel to the Cuban Missile Crisis, is mutually assured destruction. Furthermore, in addition to committing oneself to a specific course of action, there is also the trivial strategy of issuing a threat that leaves something to chance, so that the end decision of whether or not to act is not completely controlled by the player that issued the threat.  [30]  This particular bargaining technique plays on the factor of risk-acceptance, assuming that the opposing side will choose to give in first. Consider the clichà © scenario of one person rocking a boat in order to extract concessions from the scared occupants. Schelling uses the term brinksmanship to describe this strategy, the choice of deliberately letting the situation get somewhat out of hand, just because its being out of hand may be intolerable to the other party and force his accommodation.  [31]  Going back to the Chicken scenario, this would be verisimilar to one of the drivers publicly consuming a large amount of alcohol or other psychoactive substance before stepping into the car, thus creating uncertainty in the other players mind that he would be able to avoid a collision even if he actually wanted to do so. This would likely influence the sober driver to concede unless he really wanted to collide, and thus the daredevil player who intoxicated himself indirectly forced the sober player to capitulate; effecting the outcome he desired by acting outside the bounds of rationality. Deterrence: Rationality of Irrationality In much of the widely accepted literature published on deterrence, this phenomenon is called the rationality of irrationality, since one player can draw coercive power from the prospect of being potentially undeterrable.  [32]  As stated, whilst this strategy is dominantly compelling, it still welcomes tragedy, i.e. mutually assured destruction, by undertaking irrationality even though the opponent could possibly do the same or is expecting rational behavior from the other actor involved in the crisis. Regardless, despite the strategies and techniques that play out systematically and predictably in game theory and in the aforementioned hypothetical examples, it is always important to remember that the concept of deterrence, and the use of deterrence as a strategy, are built on a foundati

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to produce a commercial success, :: glish Literature

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to produce a commercial success, but he also thought it was too smokeable, i.e. that critics would ridicule it. What do you consider to be the positive aspects of the poem? Why might it also have been susceptible to criticism? ‘Isabella; or the pot of basil’ was written soon after Keats had attended lectures by a critic. The critic had suggested that a poetic translation of the 14th century works by the Italian writer Boccaccio ‘could not fail in the present day’. Keats’s poem is based upon the Italians story called the ‘Decameron’ in which Isabella’s love strengthens due to her loss of her true love, Lorenzo, who her brothers were unable to accept into the family and so disposed of him. The fact that the poem is based upon someone else’s story may have got the poem ridiculed by critics because it was not original; also Keats was not yet a well established poet (as he was from a humble background) and so he might have been ridiculed for using other authors hard work just for profit and due to the fact that someone else thought it would make money Keats may have been scorned as he couldn’t come up with his own inventions. ‘Stealing’ ideas from another may also have caused mocking at Keats’s ability to produce his own works. Another reason that Keats believed that his work was ‘too smokeable’, in other words his poem would go up in smoke too easily, because the critics may have thought that Keats would go to any lengths for fame, even taking a well known fairy tale story and turning it into a money maker for himself. In a letter written to his friend in October 1818 Keats revealed that fame was not on his agenda as he described himself as a â€Å"camelion poet†, ‘camelion’ has connotations of something which takes on the colours of its background in order to camouflage, in other words, Keats was not interested in the conventional things of poetry, he wanted to be invisible to others, but his work to be seen. Keats did not want fame, but a reason for him believing his work would be subject to ridicule is that others may have believed he was only writing for fame. When Keats was preparing for the publication of Isabella he condemned it’s ‘inexperience’; ‘simplicity’ and ‘mawkishness’ in terms of its language and the storyline, Keats may have just been covering for himself and his reputation in case of ridicule, or his writing skills had improved during the eighteen months prior to its publication, and